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Scandium is usually obtained as a byproduct from ores such as laterite, bauxite residues, uranium tailings, or rare earth deposits. The raw ore is mined, crushed, and prepared for further processing.
The crushed ore undergoes leaching with acids to dissolve scandium, followed by solvent extraction or ion exchange to separate it from other elements. The scandium is then precipitated and calcined to produce high-purity scandium oxide (Sc₂O₃).
The scandium oxide is reacted with hydrofluoric acid or ammonium bifluoride, producing scandium fluoride (ScF₃), which is the primary precursor for metallic scandium production.
Scandium fluoride is reduced with calcium metal at high temperatures in a vacuum or inert atmosphere. The reaction produces scandium metal and calcium fluoride byproducts.
The resulting scandium is purified using high-temperature vacuum techniques, such as induction melting or vacuum distillation, which remove calcium and other residual impurities.
For ultra-high purity requirements, zone refining is applied. The controlled melting and re-solidifying process eliminates trace impurities, improving the consistency and quality of the scandium metal.
The refined scandium is cast into ingots, rods, or other solid forms, ready for use in alloying or further industrial applications.
