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Through techniques like solvent extraction and ion exchange, holmium is separated from other rare earth elements. This step is crucial due to the close chemical similarities between the lanthanides, requiring precise and efficient separation methods.
The separated holmium, often in the form of holmium oxide (Ho₂O₃), is then reduced to metallic holmium. This is usually done using a reducing agent like calcium or lanthanum in a high-temperature environment.
To achieve high purity, further refining processes such as electrorefining or vacuum distillation are employed, ensuring the removal of any remaining impurities.
Once refined, holmium metal is processed into various forms (e.g., ingots, rods, wires, powders, foils) depending on customer needs.
